30.

Taxation

Figures in Rand thousand 2019   Restated 
2018 
 
Current taxation             
Local income taxation – current year  325 264     337 366    
Local income taxation – prior years  (16 472)    24 758    
Foreign income taxation – current year  1 799     1 676    
   310 591     363 800    
Discontinued operations  69 625     66 155    
Continuing operations  240 966     297 645    
   310 591     363 800    
Deferred taxation             
Originating and reversing temporary differences  54 372     (86 957)   
Prior year adjustments  –     (4 773)   
   54 372     (91 730)   
Discontinued operations  (28 803)    –    
Continuing operations  83 175     (91 730)   
   54 372     (91 730)   
Total taxation  364 963     272 070    
Discontinued operations  40 822     66 155    
Continuing operations  324 141     205 915    
Total taxation  364 963     272 070    
Reconciliation of rate of taxation       
South African normal rate of taxation  28,0     28,0    
Reduction in rate for the year, due to:             
   Exempt income*  1,3     (5,2)   
   Foreign taxation rate difference  (0,1)    (0,8)   
   Share of profits of equity-accounted investments  (0,1)    (2,4)   
Increase in rate for the year, due to:             
   Non-deductible expenditure**  (23,3)    2,6    
   Disallowable loss on disposal  4,3     19,4    
   Prior year adjustments to over/underprovision of deferred taxation/current taxation  0,4     1,0    
   Effect of utilised/not utilised on estimated tax losses  (13,3)    5,4    
   Capital gains taxation  (0,7)    0,2    
   Effect of unutilised temporary differences  (4,6)    –    
   (8,1)    48,2    
Unrecognised deferred taxation assets             
Deferred taxation assets not recognised in respect of deductible temporary differences  716 665     –    
Deferred taxation assets not recognised in respect of taxation losses  3 281 246     762 630    
   3 997 911     762 630    

*   Includes capital profit on sale of fixed assets/investments and dividends received.
** Includes capital loss on sale of fixed assets/investments.

The deductible temporary differences do not expire under the current taxation legislation.

Deferred taxation assets have not been recognised in respect of these items because management does not consider it probable at this time that future profit will be available against which the Group can utilise the benefits therefrom in the next three years.

In 2019, R105 million (2018: R399 million) of previously unrecognised taxation losses were recognised as management considered it probable that future taxable profits would be available against which they can be utilised in the next three years.

Estimates were made in assessing the tax liability, especially with regards to uncertain tax positions and the findings of the ENS investigation.